Rigid Versus Variable Energy Sources in Water-Pressurized Systems: An Economic and Environmental Analysis

Abstract The layouts of most urban water systems are known. A head tank with an appropriate elevation is used to supply through the network at a pressure equal (or higher) that set by relevant standards. Furthermore, equalization, fire and emergency storage important benefits use, as possibility avoiding peak rate electricity fares. However, end last century, some tanks were reported have negative impact quality water, recommendations made limit their volume revise geometry. Recently, alternative options been considered. Equalization can be achieved pumps variable-frequency drivers, situations avoided electric oil generators solar plants offset other generation types reduce energy costs. Therefore, this article analyses performance source, pump methods directly compared; overall, direct cheaper, more efficient environmentally convenient. in context climate change, it seems reasonable avoid sources.